Object Oriented Programming is a paradigm that provides many concepts
such as inheritance, data binding, polymorphism etc.
Simula
is considered as the first object-oriented programming language. The
programming paradigm where everything is represented as an object, is
known as truly object-oriented programming language.
Smalltalk is considered as the first truly object-oriented programming
language.
OOPs (Object Oriented Programming System)
Object means a real word entity such as pen, chair, table etc.
Object-Oriented Programming is a methodology or paradigm to design a
program using classes and objects. It simplifies the software
development and maintenance by providing some concepts:
- Object
- Class
- Inheritance
- Polymorphism
- Abstraction
- Encapsulation
Object
Any entity that has state and behavior is known as an object. For example: chair, pen, table, keyboard, bike etc. It can be physical and logical.
Class
Collection of objects is called class. It is a logical entity.
Inheritance
When one object acquires all the properties and behaviours of parent object i.e. known as inheritance. It provides code reusability. It is used to achieve runtime polymorphism.
Polymorphism
When one task is performed by different ways i.e. known as polymorphism. For example: to convense the customer differently, to draw something e.g. shape or rectangle etc. In java, we use method overloading and method overriding to achieve polymorphism. Another example can be to speak something e.g. cat speaks meaw, dog barks woof etc.
Static Polymorphism (compile time polymorphism/ Method overloading):
The ability to execute different method implementations by altering the argument used with the method name is known as method overloading. For Example We have three print methods each with different arguments. When you properly overload a method, you can call it providing different argument lists, and the appropriate version of the method executes.
Dynamic Polymorphism (run time polymorphism/ Method Overriding)
When you create a subclass by extending an existing class, the new subclass contains data and methods that were defined in the original superclass. In other words, any child class object has all the attributes of its parent. Sometimes, however, the superclass data fields and methods are not entirely appropriate for the subclass objects; in these cases, you want to override the parent class members.
Abstraction
Hiding internal details and showing functionality is known as abstraction. For example: phone call, we don't know the internal processing. In java, we use abstract class and interface to achieve abstraction.
Encapsulation
Binding (or wrapping) code and data together into a single unit is known as encapsulation. For example: capsule, it is wrapped with different medicines. A java class is the example of encapsulation. Java bean is the fully encapsulated class because all the data members are private here. Encapsulation means putting together all the variables (instance variables) and the methods into a single unit called Class. It also means hiding data and methods within an Object. Encapsulation provides the security that keeps data and methods safe from inadvertent changes. Programmers sometimes refer to encapsulation as using a “black box,” or a device that you can use without regard to the internal mechanisms. A programmer can access and use the methods and data contained in the black box but cannot change them.
Advantage of OOPs over Procedure-oriented programming language
- OOPs makes development and maintenance easier where as in Procedure-oriented programming language it is not easy to manage if code grows as project size grows.
- OOPs provides data hiding whereas in Procedure-oriented prgramming language a global data can be accessed from anywhere.
- OOPs provides ability to simulate real-world event much more effectively. We can provide the solution of real word problem if we are using the Object-Oriented Programming language.
